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Sir James Clark, Bt., KCB, MD (14 December 1788 – 29 June 1870) was a British physician who was Physician-in-Ordinary to Queen Victoria between 1837 and 1860. ==Early life and career== He was born in Cullen, Banffshire, Scotland, and was educated at Fordyce school. He studied at Aberdeen University, where he took an arts degree with the intention of studying law, and graduated with an M.A., before discovering a preference for medicine. He then went to Edinburgh University, and in 1809 became a member of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh.〔(Munk's Roll: Sir James Clark ). Munksroll.rcplondon.ac.uk. Retrieved on 2012-05-21.〕〔(Royal College of Physicians: Sir James Clark ). Aim25.ac.uk. Retrieved on 2012-05-21.〕 He then entered the medical service of the Royal Navy. He served at the Royal Hospital Haslar, in Hampshire, until July 1810, when he was appointed assistant-surgeon aboard ''HMS Thistle''. After the ship was wrecked in 1811 south of Sandy Hook in New Jersey, he returned to Great Britain, where he was promoted to the rank of surgeon, and served successively on the ''HMS Colobrée'', which was also wrecked, as well as on the ''Chesapeake'' and ''Maidstone.''〔 Following the end of the Napoleonic Wars in 1815, he continued his studies in Edinburgh, where he graduated in 1817 with an MD. In 1818, he travelled to the south of France and Switzerland with a gentleman suffering from ''phthisis'' (tuberculosis). He began collecting meteorological and other data, and noted the effects of changes in climate on the disease.〔 He settled in Rome in 1819, and developed a medical practice there, with steadily increasing reputation and pecuniary success.〔 One of his patients was the poet John Keats, who arrived in Rome in November 1820. Clark thought that "mental exertions and application" were "the sources of his complaints", which he believed were "situated in his Stomach". When he finally diagnosed consumption, he put Keats on a starvation diet of an anchovy and a piece of bread a day, to cut the flow of blood to his stomach. He also regularly drew blood from him, and took away Keats' supply of laudanum for fear that he would take a deliberate overdose. It has been suggested in recent years that Clark's treatment of Keats contributed to the poet's agonising death from tuberculosis in February 1821.〔Flood, Alison. "(Doctor's mistakes to blame for Keats's agonising end, says new biography )". ''The Guardian'', 26 October 2009. Retrieved 29 January 2010.〕 In 1822, while in Rome, Clark published ''Medical Notes on Climate, Diseases, Hospitals, and Medical Schools in France, Italy, and Switzerland, comprising an Inquiry into the Effects of a Residence in the South of Europe in Cases of Pulmonary Consumption.'' He also made contact with members of the European royal families and aristocracy, among them Prince Leopold, later King of the Belgians, as well as English aristocrats travelling in Europe. At Carlsbad (now Karlovy Vary), Prince Leopold found Clark examining the waters, and was struck with the desire to learn their uses. On his return to England, he appointed Clark as his physician.〔〔 Clark returned to London in 1826, and was admitted as a Licentiate of the College of Physicians and appointed physician to St George's Infirmary. He steadily built up a medical practice in London, and in 1829 published what was described as his "best and most important work",〔 ''The Influence of Climate in the Prevention and Cure of Chronic Diseases, more particularly of the Chest and Digestive Organs.'' In it, he systematised and popularised all that was really known upon the subject, and gave a more correct view of the powers of climate and of mineral waters in the treatment of disease than had hitherto existed in the English language. The book established his reputation in London and with the members of his own profession. He promoted the use of mineral waters to treat disease, and became both famous and popular for the care he took in his prescriptions. He thought it "not beneath his notice or his dignity to study the art of prescribing practically, and by repeated trials, and his prescriptions compared favourably with those of most of his contemporaries."〔 He was elected Fellow of the Royal Society in 1832.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Sir James Clark, 1st Baronet」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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